China's collectivist cosmopolitanism: Harmony and conflict with Western conceptualizations of cosmopolitanism rooted in individualistic notions of human rights

Just as leading Western countries have begun withdrawing from the neoliberal Washington Consensus that paved way for economic globalization over last 40 years, China has proposed an ambitious Belt and Road Initiative, or One Road, outlining its vision global development. President Xi's of collectivist cosmopolitanism is centered on principle sovereign equality between nations, emphasizing civilizational uniqueness rather than universal human rights. In this view, social development are path dependent, in China's case, prioritize decolonization national sovereignty. view major speeches cosmopolitan but collectivist, growth, openness, dynamism, “avowed respect” integrity other cultures, while saying nothing about individual rights groups within China. This approach positions ancient Chinese traditions like Confucianism playing a central role cultivating individuals’ society's moral qualities so person, society, governance bound together mutually beneficial interconnected whole. It forms theoretical basis cosmopolitanism, which could be dialogue with cosmopolitanists. The challenge reconciling different emphasis accorded to versus sovereignty two views. Empirical results new measure Cosmopolitan Orientation correlates positively negatively nationalism religiosity provide insights into specific become conflictual.